Vulva

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What is vulva?

Vulva is the term for the external female genitalia; which is a complex and unique set of structures, each with its own role in health, sexual pleasure and reproductive function. The vulva includes the pubis, labia major and minor, the clitoris, the marginal hood of the clitoris, the vaginal vestibule, and other important elements whose work is closely related to the internal organs of the female genital system.

Complete anatomy and microstructure of the vulvas

Pubis (mons pubis)

The pubis is a fat pad over the pubic symphysis, covered with hair after puberty. Its main function is to protect the pelvic bones from mechanical damage; as fatty tissue softens shocks, and hair performs a barrier function, preventing the entry of dirt and pathogens.

Large and small labia

The labia majora consists of skin, subcutaneous fatty tissue and connective structures, and they protect the internal organs from external influences. Small lips, located inside, are thinner, richly supplied with blood vessels and nerve endings. Their size, shape and color vary from woman to woman, which is normal.

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Clitoris

The clitoris is the central organ of sexual pleasure in women; it consists of a head, body, and legs that extend deep into the pelvic tissues. This organ has a unique function: it is designed solely for sexual arousal thanks to thousands of nerve endings located there, which allows the clitoris to provide a powerful sensory experience.

The foreskin of the clitoris

The foreskin of the clitoris is the skin fold that protects the glans. Its function is to prevent the glans from drying out and irritating the glans, and to provide a smooth glide during sexual stimulation.

Vaginal vestibule

The vestibule includes the entrance to the vagina, the opening of the urethra and the ducts of the Bartholin glands. This area is rich in nerve endings and plays a role in sexual arousal; as the lubricant secreted by the glands provides comfort during intercourse and protects the mucous membrane.

Bartholin's and Skinner's glands

The Bartholin glands are located at the entrance to the vagina and secrete lubricant to reduce friction. The Skin glands, sometimes called the “female prostate gland,” are located around the urethra and are involved in the secretion of fluids associated with sexual arousal.

The perineum

This is the area between the vagina and the anus, and it contains the muscles that support the pelvic organs and is involved in the birthing process. Damage to the perineum is common during natural childbirth, but its elasticity allows for quick recovery.

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The vulvar microbiome

Although the microflora of the vagina is more commonly discussed, a woman's external genitalia also have their own microbiome. The skin of the vulva is populated with various bacteria such as staphylococci and corynebacteria; and this microbiome is important for maintaining healthy skin and preventing pathogens from multiplying. Disruption of the microbiome can occur due to harsh hygiene products, tight clothing, or antibiotics.

Erectile tissue

The erectile tissues of the vulva are not only concentrated in the clitoris, but also in structures around the vaginal vestibule; for example, the bulbs of the vestibule, located on either side of the vaginal entrance, are composed of spongy tissue that, like the clitoris, increases in size during sexual arousal. These tissues help to enhance sensation and prepare the vagina for sexual intercourse.

Secretory glands

In addition to the Bartholin and Skink glands, there are numerous small sebaceous and sweat glands present in the vulva. The sebaceous glands help moisturize the skin and protect it from drying out, while the sweat glands provide thermoregulation.

The main function of the vulva

The main function of the vulva is to protect the internal genitalia from damage, infection and external contaminants; as the skin and mucous membranes form a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering. Additionally, pubic hair and skin folds also play a protective role by reducing friction and preventing irritation.

In the reproductive system, the vulva plays a key role by providing access to the vagina, which connects to the uterus and fallopian tubes. During intercourse, special glands secrete lubrication, reducing friction and facilitating penetration; and this lubrication also creates favorable conditions for the survival and movement of sperm, increasing the likelihood of conception.

The sexual function of the vulva is directly related to its highly sensitive areas, such as the clitoris, labia minora and vaginal vestibule, which are areas richly innervated, making them the main sources of pleasure and orgasm in women. Especially worth highlighting is the clitoris, which is a unique organ designed solely for the perception of pleasure.

In addition, the vulva plays an important role in the process of urination due to the location of the opening of the urethra in the area of its vestibule. This anatomical location allows easy access to the urethra and provides additional protection against possible contamination.

Diseases associated with the vulva

Common diseases

• Infectious diseases. The vulva can be affected by bacterial (e.g., bacterial vaginosis), fungal (candidiasis), and viral infections (genital herpes, HPV).
• Dermatologic conditions. Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, or lichen planus may manifest with itching, redness, and flaking.
• Vulvar cancer. This is a rare but serious condition. Symptoms may include ulcers, neoplasms, or chronic itching.