What does the term Bareback mean?

The term ‘Bareback’ refers to sexual intercourse that occurs without the use of a condom, i.e. unprotected sexual intercourse. The term can be applied to different types of relationships, but is most commonly found in the context of sexual contact between men who have sex with men (MSM). However, this type of sexual intimacy comes with significant risks, including an increased likelihood of transmitting sexually transmitted infections such as HIV, syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhoea.

How did the practice of Bareback come about?

The practice of unprotected sex, known as barebacking, emerged as a response to the campaign for safer sex that began to develop in the 1980s in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. For many members of the gay community, condom use became associated with a constant fear of sexual intercourse, leading to a desire to regain their former freedom of intimacy. The prevalence of this phenomenon has increased with the advent of affordable medical tools for HIV prevention and treatment, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral drugs; as for some people, these medical advances have reduced their awareness of the threat associated with unprotected sex.

By the early 2000s, barebacking had already become accepted in gay culture as a particular form of sexual behaviour. In some cases, condom refusal was seen as a part of trust between partners. However, even with modern medical technology, barebacking remains extremely risky, as it significantly increases the likelihood of spreading sexually transmitted infections

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What attracts people to unprotected sex?

The decision to have unprotected sex is often driven by a variety of reasons, which can be both emotional and physical; and as this choice is highly controversial, for many it is linked to personal beliefs and desires.

One of the main reasons is the desire for a more natural experience. Some people believe that the absence of a barrier between partners allows for a deeper sense of intimacy, which is especially important for those who value physical interaction on an intuitive level.

Another motive is the feeling of freedom, as not using a condom can be perceived as a symbol of liberation from conventions or rules. This is especially attractive to people who associate this choice with full commitment and openness in relationships.

For others, the emotional component is important, as unprotected sex is often associated with trust and affection. It can be an important stage in a relationship when both partners feel confident enough to trust each other completely.

However, this choice is not without risks; those who make this decision usually do so consciously, often based on a level of trust in their partner or a mutual agreement. Despite the emotional appeal, it is important to keep health and safety in mind to avoid possible negative consequences.

Health risks and possible consequences of unprotected sex

Failure to use barrier contraception in intimate relationships can lead to serious health risks, as the likelihood of transmitting sexually transmitted infections increases significantly. The most dangerous of these include:

• HIV and its effects. This virus remains one of the most devastating diseases transmitted through sexual contact. If not treated early, the infection develops into AIDS, which significantly weakens the body's defences and leaves a person vulnerable to any disease. Even with modern medical advances, HIV continues to pose a serious threat to life.

• Bacterial infections. Diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia are easily transmitted in the absence of protection. Without timely diagnosis and treatment, they can lead to serious complications, including inflammation of the reproductive system, infertility and damage to internal organs.

• Hepatitis B and C. These viral infections are sexually transmitted and cause serious damage to the liver. Additionally, advanced forms of hepatitis often develop into a chronic condition that can end in cirrhosis or cancer.

How to minimise the risk of contracting an STI by not using protection

Despite the high risk associated with unprotected sex, there are effective measures that can significantly reduce the likelihood of transmitting sexually transmitted infections.

• Taking PrEP. Daily use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) significantly reduces the likelihood of HIV infection. This method is especially effective when taken regularly.

• Regular check-ups. Seeing a doctor and getting tested for infections such as gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydia every 3 to 6 months can help to detect possible problems and start treatment early.

• Open conversations. Honest communication between partners plays an important role in reducing risks. Discussing health issues, sexual experiences and protection preferences helps to make informed decisions.

• Monogamous relationships or steady partners. For some people, the risk of infection is reduced by choosing a steady partner with whom a trusting and honest relationship has been established. This strategy minimises the likelihood of exposure to infections.

The role of the Internet in the creation and development of subcultures

The Internet has become a powerful tool to facilitate the formation of subcultures related to unprotected intimate relationships. Through specialised platforms such as themed websites and forums, people can openly discuss their preferences, share personal stories and find partners who share their views. These digital communities play an important role in sharing experiences and creating a sense of belonging.

However, the internet has also become a platform for groups with risky and dangerous intentions. For example, there are so-called ‘virus hunters’ - people who deliberately seek to contract HIV - and ‘transmitters’ who deliberately spread the virus. These phenomena are of serious concern and emphasise the need for monitoring and awareness-raising in such areas.

Legal liability and legal issues

In many States, the intentional transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is criminalised. In this sense, individuals who knowingly infect others, including those who engage in so-called ‘transmission’ practices, may be held criminally liable. Despite differences in legislation between countries, in most Western societies, contracting HIV without first informing a partner is considered a serious offence and is punishable by law.